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When Beethoven wrote a set of three works such as violin sonatas or string quartets he normally gave them strongly contrasting characters. Although his last three piano concertos were not created as a set, but spanned about a decade in their composition, they nevertheless exhibit a similar level of contrast. No.3 is stormy and agitated; No.4 is gentle and lyrical; and No.5 is grand and majestic - so much so that in English-speaking countries it has gained the nickname ‘Emperor'.  Thus they could hardly be more different in mood, yet each one in its own way is thoroughly characteristic of the composer.

One of Beethoven's earliest sketches for Piano Concerto No.3 dates from about 1796 and shows him already experimenting with new sonorities, with a prominent motif being allocated to the timpani part - which normally played a merely accompanying role in orchestral music at the time. However, little progress was made on the work until 1800, when it was taken up in preparation for a concert that April. Unfortunately it was not ready in time and Beethoven had to substitute a different concerto (probably No.1). He did not finally complete No.3 until 1803, and at its first performance that year he had to play the piano part largely from memory as he had still not had time to write it out in full. His page-turner at the première, Ignaz von Seyfried, reports of having to turn pages that were largely blank apart from a few hieroglyphs that only Beethoven could read! 

Although the first movement is stormy in character it has a beautifully lyrical second subject; Beethoven cunningly transformed this theme almost beyond recognition to form the main theme of the sublime slow movement. This evokes a completely different and more exalted world, in the remote key of E major, with a reduced orchestra and muted strings. The key of C minor returns in the finale, but there is one brief excursion back to E major, as if recalling that exalted world; and the music ends in a blaze of glory, in a triumphant C major.  

Piano Concerto No.4 breaks with all previous tradition by beginning with solo piano instead of the usual extended orchestral ritornello. This unexpected opening signals that the relationship between piano and orchestra will be closer than normal; and although the orchestra quickly takes over for its customary ritornello, this does not conclude with the usual cadence but breaks off in mid-phrase, with the piano re-entering quietly in contrast to its dramatic entrance in No.3. 

The slow movement is unusually brief, and scored just for strings and piano, which engage in a dramatic dialogue throughout. Initially the strings sound angry, but the gentle pleading of the piano gradually softens them until they die away to a hushed pianissimo. The similarity to the ‘Taming of the Furies' by Orpheus is unmistakable, and has led many to assume that this is what Beethoven was attempting to portray. Yet there is no reference to Orpheus in anything written or said by Beethoven about the movement, and it seems unwise to narrow the music down to a single myth; better, surely, to regard the music as emblematic of all situations where anger is calmed by gentleness - of which Orpheus and the Furies form just one instance. 

One factor that makes the first two movements of this concerto particularly tender is the absence of trumpets and drums. In the finale, however, these finally burst in and create a sense of much greater exuberance, although there are still many gentler passages that remind us of the mood of the rest of the work. 

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