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Art of Drawing The Human Body

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Introduction 6

STUDY OF THE NUDE FIGURE 8

The Body and Its Proportions 10
Problems in Drawing the Human Figure 12 
Basic Human Proportions 14 
Proportions of the Female Figure 18 
The Child Model 20 Elderly and Obese Figures 22
Basic Anatomy and Synthesis 24
The Head and Face 26
The Torso: Front and Back Views 28
The Upper and Lower Limbs 30
The Hands: Structure and Outline 32
The Pelvis: The Shape of the Hips 34
The Feet: Inner Structure and Form 36

CONSTRUCTING THE FIGURE 38

A Well-Proportioned Drawing 40
The Unit System: Measuring the Body 42
Geometry of the Human Body 44
The Geometric Sketch: Structuring the Whole from Simple Forms 46 
Synthetic Contour and Line Control 48 
The Virtues of Doing Studies: A Good Form of Practice 50
Lines and Rhythm of the Figure 52
The Inner Rhythm of the Figure 54 
The Soft Line and Its Modulation 56 
Turning Spots into Forms 58

ATTITUDES OF THE HUMAN FIGURE: THE POSE 60

Analyzing Poses and Gestures 62
The Equilibrium of the Pose 64
Varying the Point of View 66
A Countermold: Drawing Negative Space 68
Ways of Seeing the Figure: Open and Closed Approaches 70
The Standing Pose or Contraposto 72
Seated and Reclining Figures 74
Pose and Motion: The Expressive Line 76
Drawing the Hidden Parts of the Body 78
Foreshortening: Drawing the Nude in Perspective 80

LIGHT AND SHADOW IN THE HUMAN FIGURE 82

Tonal Techniques 84
The Effect of Light on the Nude 86
Sketching a Tonal Drawing 88
The Process of Hatching: Creating Volume 90
Effects of Volume 92
Chiaroscuro Effects: Working with Absolute Contrast 94
The Clothed Human Figure 96
Studying the Inner Structure of the Body 98
Clothing and Folds: Creating Textural Effects 100 
The Drape: Rhythms and Wrinkles 102 
The Figure and Its Context 104

TEXTURES AND EFFECTS 106

The Artist's Resources 108
Rendering the Atmosphere Around the Figure 110
Creating Volume with Accents 112
Correcting Without Erasing 114
Blending to Dissolve Contours 116
Erasing: Opening Up Spaces 118
Expressive Lines: Rhythm and Tension 120
Hair Texture 122
The Qualities of the Skin 124 

STEP BY STEP 126

The Nude Figure in Charcoal: The Outline 128 
Building a Figure from Geometric Forms 130 
Drawing a Standing Figure: The Contraposto 132 
The Figure Foreshortened: Drawing the Female Nude 134
Building on Stains 136
Figure with Chiaroscuro Effects 138
The Male Figure from the Waist Up 140
The Profile: The Importance of Contour 142
A Clothed Figure: Folds and Textures 144
Modeling the Figure in Pastels and Chalk 146
Line Drawing of a Figure 148
Modeling Flesh Tones 150
Figure of a Young Woman and a Girl on the Beach 152
Interior with Atmospheric Figure 154
Portrait of a Figure in Silverpoint 156